Steroids in Professional Baseball - 2189 Words

A Poll by the Press in ’04 says that sixty-one percent of eight hundred and sixty-five people surveyed that all the athletes in baseball that were tested for steroids and shown positive should have been banned from the game. In the year 2005 it was discovered that two out of three people agreed with banning the players who made it to the Hall of Fame but tested positive for steroids. Most if not all people consider this action cheating and frown upon its use. How could this be? In today’s readings of sports articles and papers, fans tend to think that steroids give other players an unfair advantage. This response branches out from the false accusations that the professionals have a kind of special ability or talent which isn’t based on their state of being. What makes steroids different from other enhancing products is that the effects that come with taking them are a little more severe and that the result for muscle and strength production is a lot greater than the other products that are out in the market. This assumption, and the stereotypical muscle head body that comes with it, makes a fan or spectator of the game think about Calvinism, the belief that ingesting any kind of pill or product for any reason at all is bad and looked down on, and leads to the social aspect of the world to call these people aliens or fakes, which happen to be the main points that really keep steroids out of the Majors. Like every drug and substance in the world, steroids have gone throughShow MoreRelatedSteroids in Professional Baseball Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesin Major League Baseball is the discussion of the use of steroids and human growth hormones. Both are completely illegal in the sport, and come with drastic consequences. One would think a fifty game suspension as a first offense would scare players away, but for some reason steroids in baseball is occurring more and more often to the disappointment of Major League Baseball. The reason players take steroids in the first place is to enhance their performance on the field. Steroids make players strongerRead MoreThe Media Of Baseball And The Case Against Roger Clemens Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesrole in the development of people perceptions and attitudes towards certain things that occur in the modern history. The link between the growing popularity of the baseball as well as increased attention to the steroids used represent top ics that were highly affected by the media. The article by Healey Fall Of The Rocket: Steroids In Baseball And The Case Against Roger Clemens (2008) reveals how the drug policy has developed over time. This source explains and examines Major League Baseball’s drug policyRead MoreSpeech On Steroids And Major League Baseball1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthis record is controversial, due to steroid use. B. Thesis: Today I am going to persuade you all about the use of steroids in Major League Baseball, persuading you why steroids should not be allowed in Major League Baseball. I have a call to action for all of you to help others if they are considering using steroids, and next time you watch a MLB game to realize the impact of steroids. C. Credibility: Gave my informative speech on Steroids in Major League Baseball D. WIIFM: My survey stated you allRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Steroids are unhealthy for baseball players and they are giving the game of baseball a bad reputation. Since steroids have become such a hot topic in Major League Baseball (MLB) fans have had nothing but bad things to say about the sport and its players. When sports illustrated asked some of its readers to give reaction to the steroid controversy in the MLB here is what baseball fan Howard Langsner from New York had to say Horrible, just horrible. We takeRead MoreWhat Performance Enhacing Drugs Have Done to Sports1219 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional athletes are competitive by nature and will do what it takes to win. Sports have been used as not only entertainment but a way for a person to show off their athletic ability. Due to uncontrollable factors people may find it harder to compete or surpass other’s performance. Even with training people’s bodies respond different to physical stimulation. Professional baseball is an extremely competitive sport with hand-eye coordination and strength being key factors. When the differenceRead MoreSteriods in Sports Should Be Banned1295 Words   |  6 PagesSheila Sim Mrs. Virginia Link-Pease English 122 02 October 2010 Steroid Use in Sports Should Be Banned Day by day professional athletes are being praised for their ability and accomplishments in their respective sports. The professional athletes that are succeeding the most are generally using performance enhancing drugs, other known as anabolic steroids (Mayo Clinic). Anabolic steroids are drugs which imitate the effect of the male sex hormone, Testosterone. The cells producing protein increaseRead MorePED in Sports Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthe honesty of the game, but also can have broader social affects that one may not even realize. The use of performance enhancing drugs is especially apparent in Major League Baseball. This problem can be traced back to the 1980’s when baseball was facing one of its first â€Å"dark periods†. During the 1980’s Major League Baseball was experiencing a home run drought. Home run totals were down as far as they had been since Babe Ruth, and fans were seemingly becoming bored with the sport. The lack of homeRead MoreSteroi ds And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs1678 Words   |  7 PagesSteroids and other performance enhancing drugs have been banned from Major League Baseball since 1991; however, this law was not strictly enforced by the Major League Baseball Players Association (Anabolic Steroids). The MLBPA to date has become much more involved in the issue of PED use in the MLB, and they do test many of the players for traces of steroids. Few players are caught each year, but when a big name pops up, the whole debacle headlines newspapers, constantly talked about on sports networksRead MoreThe Impact of Steroid Allegations on Sports Heroes and Their Fans1037 Words   |  4 Pagesthan at any other time in the history of professional sports, todays contemporary sports climate provides an intimacy of details about the usage of steroids and performance enhancing drugs for some of the worlds most popular athletes. Whereas once the uncovering of an athletes illicit use of such substances was shocking and anomalous, contemporary stories of steroid use are fairly routine and even commonplace in certain sports, such as Major League Baseball. Allegations levied against athletes likeRead MoreAthletes Should Use Performance Enhancing Drugs941 Words   |  4 Pagesyour choosing? Therefore, this is one of the reasons why I think steroids should be able to be used for anything of the professional athletes choosing.. Due to the amount of people using performance enhancing drugs in pro sports today, most people when they hear â€Å"Steroids† they think of huge men or women with big bulging muscles. Steroids have been used throughout sports in every way in almost every sport. I think that the professional athletes that use performance enhancing drugs should be able to

Essay on Pleasures of Eating - 1044 Words

Aundrenee Nash Writing 121 Chris Jensen May 10 2013 The Pleasures of Eating Summary and Response In â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating† Wendell Berry wants the reader to recognize that eating is a cultural act. He believes we are eaters not consumers and that we should have more knowledge about the food we eat. Berry wants the reader to questions where the food is coming from, what condition is it produced in and what chemicals may it contains. He has found that the food industries blind us to what we are consuming and the effect it has on us. At last Berry believes that we must eat responsibly to live free. Berry first begins with eating as an agricultural act. We think of food as an agricultural product rather than think of ourselves†¦show more content†¦Like any politics it involves our freedom. By giving someone else the control we, â€Å"neglect to understand that we cannot be free unless our food is free† (Berry 232). Our food wars a much make up as actors (Berry 232). Berry expresses that the food industry wants little to do with our health but more to do with volume and price of their product. As scales increase, diversity declines when this happens so does health. From there the dependence on drugs and chemicals becomes necessary. Food advertising leads up to believe that what we eat is good, tasty, healthy and guaranteed to give us a long life (Berry 233). Industrialism is a trap. Berry believes how to escape this trap is to recognize the food problem as a whole and how eating is inescapable. In order to participate in the agricultural act you must; participate in food productions, prepare your own food, learn your foods origin, cut the middle man when you buy, learn about industrial food companies, good farming and gardening and learn from observation and experience. Berry takes pleasure in eating meat from non-suffering non-farm raised animals. As well as, fruits and vegetables that lived a plentiful life. He believes eating should be an extensive pleasure and the more we participate in agriculture and gain knowledge the more we live, â€Å"free from mystery, from creatures weShow MoreRelatedThe Pleasure Of Eating By Wendell Berry864 Words   |  4 Pagesnew to learn and remember. Having a busy life can make it hard to focus on things that really matter, for instance knowing where chicken comes from? Wendell has written an essay a bout the importance of getting in touch with food origins â€Å"The pleasure of eating† an essay from â€Å"What are People for?† publish in 1990 by Wendell Berry. Wendell writes in verity ways of ethos, logos and pathos including examples to connect with the reader and to provide the reader a better idea of how society is not involvedRead MoreThe Pleasures Of Eating By Berry Wendell1496 Words   |  6 Pageschildren. People just want to come home and relax they don’t want to have to worry about cooking and all the preparation that comes with it, they would much rather order take out and avoid all the hassle of cooking. In Berry Wendell’s Essay â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating†, we are given insight on how very little common people know about where their food comes from and what it goes through. â€Å"When a Crop Becomes King† by Michael Pollan reveals how corn, a single crop could be involved in such a wide array of industryRead MoreThe Pleas ures Of Eating By Wendell Berry959 Words   |  4 Pages Sendrea Penaflor Egl 101 Wendell Berry’s essay, â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating,† published by North Point Press back in 2009 talks about his very strong and well thought of opinions about our society’s appreciation for food and the process it goes through. His essay was written twenty-six years ago yet, still holds a powerful message regarding our generation’s eating habits and appreciation for food. He starts the essay with a question from one of his audience, â€Å"What can city people do?† and Berry’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Pleasure Of Eating By Wendell Berry1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthe right type of nutrients in what we consume daily or enjoy eating healthy. Food that is available to use effortlessly is the food we go for instead of rediscovering the ‘pleasure’ of food. Wendell Berry contributes in many different ways in his article including emotional appeal and reality to prove to us the various questions that should be arising in our minds wh en purchasing foods. In the an article called ‘The Pleasure of Eating’ by Wendell Berry talks about how consumers should know whereRead MoreAnalysis Of Wendell Berry s The Pleasures Of Eating1309 Words   |  6 PagesSimultaneously, the big food corporations mass produce low-quality products and manipulate their prices to appeal to consumers. These eating habits yield negative effects to their health, paving a pathway to obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. Humans no longer have an eye for the quality of the food they consume. For instance, in Wendell Berry’s â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating†, Berry discusses how humans are passive consumers of the food industry; meaning they lack insight regarding where their foodRead MoreFast Food Nation By Wendell Berry s The Pleasures Of Eating867 Words   |  4 PagesSchlosser’s ‘Fast Food Nation’ and Wendell Berry’s ‘The Pleasures of Eating’ have undeniably altered the manner in which I will forever view fast and processed foods. After reviewing the two readings, I am convinced that fast and processed food consumers are the victims of large franchises seeking to make a quick buck at the expense of the consumer’s health. Fast food and processed food consumers are ignorant of the quality of the food that they choose to purchase, solely depending on franchisesRead MoreEpicurus And John Stuart Mill967 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher’s viewpoints on what is needed in order for a person to have a good, fulfilling life. They all included the concepts of pleasure and happiness to some extent in their theories, but they all approached the ideas in different ways. The two hedonists we studied, Epicurus and John Stuart Mill, place heavy emphasis on the importance of pleasure. They both believe that pleasure is a necessity in the ideal life. Jean Kazez agreed with their viewpoints in her theory and said that happiness was a necessityRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Qualitative Hedonism Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesmore plausible. I believe this because in my life I have encountered the joy of higher pleasure and am certain it is much better than that of a lower pleasure. Jeremy Bentham’s quantitative hedonism is a viewpoint that quantity, intensity, and duration of pleasures determines the value of that pleasure. Bentham argues that happiness is the ultimate good. He argues that the definition of happiness is pleasure accompanied by an avoidance of pain. Jeremy Bentham believed that creating the greatestRead MoreMathenys Views on Ulitarianism and Factory or Farm Animals860 Words   |  3 Pagesand his argument of refraining from eating the product from factory farms, and then offer an objection to it. Matheny states in â€Å"Utilitarianism and Animals† that we should refrain from eating the products from factory farms. The first premise of Matheny’s argument is the principle of equal consideration of interests. To be fair, just, and benevolent, any ethical rule we adopt should respect this principle. The second premise of Matheny’s argument is that eating factory-farmed products is consideredRead MoreThe Complex Relationship Between Body And Mind1729 Words   |  7 Pagesfunction, including: memory, emotions, and attention/focus. These systems rely heavily on one another and their accuracy and effectivity impact particular eating habits and behaviors that may be detrimental to one’s overall health, especially mental health. The brain decides when one is hungry and what one should eat based on the ideals of pleasure, desire, and discipline - so, does the body have as much control as once presumed? The stability of cognitive processes directs the development of habits

The Sad Murder Case of Jonbenet free essay sample

[pic] By: Jessica Johnson The brutal murder of 6-year-old JonBenet Ramsey on Christmas night in 1996 shocked America to its core. Just as the Lindbergh baby kidnapping and murder seven decades earlier had seared the nations consciousness, this murder – of a beautiful and talented child in a wealthy Boulder, Colo. , home – renewed every parents worst nightmare: No child was truly safe, not even tucked in at home on Christmas night. Days went by and no arrests were made, this case had been all over the news, radio stations, newspapers, magazines, it was everywhere. For one thing it became known that the police had badly botched the initial investigation by failing to seal off the crime scene. For another it appeared the police were treating the primary suspects were JonBenets parents. They also refusal to be interviewed at police headquarters, but also to being interviewed separately. Many fingers had been pointed directly at her father. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sad Murder Case of Jonbenet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Others believed it was her mother, but many people believed it was both parents. It was even a possibility that it was her ten year old brother who murdered her. This case of JonBenet, sadly is unsolved. Then In April of 2003 there was a statement issued saying she concurred with a federal court in Georgias contemporaneous finding that JonBenet was most likely murdered by an intruder. Two months later they moved the responsibility for the case from the boulder police department to the district’s attorney office. Three years later the case dropped from public view. Until the death of Patsy Ramsey – of ovarian cancer at age 49 – on June 24, 2006, briefly brought the case back into the spotlight. And then on Aug. 6, 2006, the long dormant case rocketed back into banner headlines across the world when a 41-year-old, child-sex-offender by the name of John Mark Karr was arrested in Bangkok, Thailand, at the request of the Boulder District Attorneys office. D. A. Mary Keenan, who changed her last name to Lacy in 2005, began investigating Karr four months previously when a University of Colorado journalism professor, Michael Trac ey, informed her about some disturbing emails he had recently received from an unknown sender who during the last four years had sent him hundreds of emails about the JonBenet case. Then they went for the arrest. This was better for the district attorney because they could investigate normally. John Mark Karr admitted that he killed her but he said it was an accident. John Mark Karr reportedly said that he picked JonBenet up at school, took her back to her home, drugged her and sexually assaulted her. JonBenets death was no accident: She died of asphyxia by garrote strangulation and severe head trauma. John Mark Karr was also arrested before for child pornography. The case against Karr collapsed within days of his extradition to Boulder. His DNA sample did not match the DNA evidence recovered from JonBenet’s underwear at the murder scene. Some think that Mark made up that story to distract the D. A. from concentrating on the case and founding out who murdered her. The JonBenet case – with no new developments for years – quietly left center stage in 2003 when D. A. Lacy informed the media that she had hired an investigator to pursue the intruder theory: that someone other than a member of the Ramsey household killed JonBenet. This scary story is still a mystery.

The Marriage Strike - Why Men Are Not Rushing to the Altar free essay sample

If one were to read any article by the average woman in the media – and some males for that matter – regarding the declining state of marriage rates today. One could reasonably think that the reason marriages are on the decline is that women are choosing not to get married or some other such tripe that ineffectively attempts to hide the truth of the matter. (Ayanna, G. 2010), (Dewitt. 1992), (Rosenbloom, 2006), (Campbell, 2001) The actual reason for the decline in marriage rates is not because ‘women dont want to get married’ (a bitter anthem recited in retaliation to mens rejection of marriage. but due to The Marriage Strike. According to an article in â€Å"O† magazine author, Ann Marsh notes, A marriage strike is the social phenomena of men seeking to avoid marriage. The marriage strike specifically refers to the action of men living within the Western world. † (Marsh, 2003 p. 2) Advocates of the marriage strike believe that after a conside red cost-benefit analysis, the legal contract that is modern marriage no longer represents an attractive option for men. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marriage Strike Why Men Are Not Rushing to the Altar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Especially when considering the legal, economic, sociological, cultural and demographic environment of the West in regards to marriage. Advocates hold that through the combination of laws permitting no-fault divorce, and the prevailing conditions in divorce courts that substantially favor the wife over the husband in disputes over child custody, visitation rights, child support, alimony, ownership of the family residence and other shared property (Rosenbloom, 2006). It is possible for a woman to divorce her husband unilaterally while simultaneously depriving him of the right to see his offspring and financially crippling him (Rubin, 1997). They argue that since the divorce rate is high, and since women are more likely than men to seek no-fault divorces are, scenarios like the above are a likely outcome of marriage, and that many men, fearing such an outcome, choose not to marry. So we see that the pro-female claims – made in large part by women to the tune of ‘women dont want to get married’ given as the reason for the decline in marriages is like so many other statements written by feminist, nothing but hot air. (Salholz, 1986), (Campbell, 2001), A study released by researchers Barbara Dafoe Whitehead and David Popenoe of the National Marriage Project at Rutgers University, concluded that men are, indeed, more apprehensive about getting married than before. (Whitehead, B. D. , ; Popenoe, D. 2002) â€Å"The median age of first marriage for men has reached 27, the oldest age in our nation’s history,† (Whitehead et al p. 2). The study contains several possible explanations for these phenomena, based on interviews with 60 single men, 25 to 33, who live in four parts of the country. While that level of measurement is certainly is not statistically significant enough to reflect any kind of national trend, responses generally revolved around the possibilities of suffering huge losses if the marriage ends in divorce. â€Å"An ex-wife will take you for all you’ve got† and â€Å"men have more to lose financially than women† (Whitehead et al p. 6) were common refrains within the study. To humor the study’s result, let us examine whether or not these young men’s concern are justified. If we accept the feminist argument that marriage is slavery for women, then it is undeniable that — given the current state of the nation’s family courts — divorce is slavery for men. Take a hypothetical husband who marries and has two children. There is a 50 % chance that this marriage will end in divorce within eight years, and if it does, the odds are 2-1 the wife initiates the divorce (US Census Bureau. 2002). It may not matter that the man was a decent husband. The reality of the situation is that few divorces are initiated over abuse or because the man has already abandoned the family. Nor is adultery cited as a factor by divorcing women appreciably more than by divorcing men. The new trend that has taken hold of the court system is the â€Å"no fault† divorce, in which the filing party needs only to cite their general discontent with the marriage to have a hearing. Women initiate these unilateral divorces-on-demand three times as often as men do (Whitehead et al 2002). While the courts may grant the former spouses joint legal custody, the odds are nearly 40 to one of the wife winning physical custody (US Census Bureau. 2000). Once the couple is divorced, odds are at least even that the wife will interfere with the husband’s visitation rights. Three-quarters of divorced men surveyed say their ex-wives have interfered with their visitation, and 40 percent of mothers studied admitted that they had done so and that they had generally acted to punish their exes (Rubin, 1997). Then, of course, there is the issue of financial losses due to court-imposed payments. In the end, the wife will keep most of the couple’s assets and the house. The husband will need to set up a new residence and pay at least a third of his take-home pay to his ex in child support, on top of whatever alimony payments the courts impose on him. These can run as high as another third of his income. Add the cost of taxes to that and the man gets to keep exactly 13% of his take-home pay (Rubin, 1997). Nevertheless, as bad as all this is, it would still make our hypothetical man the lucky one. After all, he could be one of those fathers who cannot see his children at all because his ex has made a false accusation of domestic violence, child abuse, or child molestation. He could be one of those fathers who can only see his own children under supervised visitation in nightmarish visitation centers (US Census Bureau. 2000). He could be one of those fathers whose ex has moved their children hundreds or thousands of miles away, in violation of court orders, which courts often do not enforce. He could be one of those fathers who tears up his life and career repeatedly to follow his children, only to have his ex-wife continuously move them. He could be one of the fathers who has lost his job, seen his income drop, or suffered a disabling injury, only to have the child support arrearages and interest pile up to create a mountain of debt, which he could never hope to pay off. He could be a father who pays 70% or 80% of his income in child support because the court has imputed an unrealistic income to him. If the father cannot maintain these child support payments, he can face months or years in jail. He could be a father who reaches old age impoverished because he lost everything he had in a divorce when he was middle-aged and did not have the time and the opportunity to earn it back (Doyle 1999). Our imaginary man might consider himself lucky if he knew what his life could have been. Over five million divorced men in America are currently experiencing some or all of the situations I just outlined. Without a doubt, unmarried men hear their stories and experiences. Can anyone truly blame the men for having apprehension? They stand to gain little and lose everything they have worked for in their entire lives should they â€Å"take the plunge†, so to speak. Therefore, women, if you have a problem with this, speak to your feminist brethren. They have left behind this legacy. By erasing the stigma of premarital sex and encouraging physical liberation, they have eliminated one of the most powerful incentives in history for men to tie the knot. By advocating government as a surrogate husband in the case of single motherhood, they have eliminated the disincentive for women to file for divorce (Dennehy, 2010). In addition, through decades of litigious activism, they have created the bloated and intrusive family court system and stacked it so egregiously against the men of this country that it now appears they are subconsciously engaging in a â€Å"marriage strike†, preferring to play the odds rather than assume a massively disproportionate amount of risk (Goldstein, 1999). As for the men, make no mistake, they are slowly beginning to realize that the power is now in their favor. They have more and more perfectly legitimate reasons for remaining unmarried every day. Given a choice between not marrying one’s lady friend — assuming no risk whatsoever and still having the historical benefits of marriage (sex, companionship, etc. ) available to them, or marrying the woman and having a 50-50 chance of their lives being utterly destroyed should the woman become â€Å"unhappy† with the marriage, the decision is a no-brainer (Smock, 2000). What women perceive as a â€Å"fear of commitment† is nothing more than a pragmatic assessment of the odds facing men in the prospect of a marriage (Salt, 2009). Therefore, the trends evident in Whitehead ; Popenoe’s study are not much of a surprise. I would wager that if conducted nationally, this study would produce similar results. Of course, such a study would invariably seek to address the grievances of the dejected single women of the country. My advice to them would be simple: offer to sign a prenuptial agreement that outlines the exact terms of a possible divorce: how assets would be divided, how any alimony and child support would be handled, and other vital elements that may be causing apprehension. Please do not be insulted if your potential mate asks you to sign one, or if he desires terms that will be equitable to him. No matter how strong your love may be for each other, the demand for eligible bachelors willing to commit to marriage is exceeding the supply, and if you will not sign it, odds are that there is another woman out there who will. References Ayanna, G. (2010). ABC News Explores Why Successful Black Women Are Still Single. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from www. associatedcontent. com: http://www. associatedcontent. com/? article/? 2533027/? bc_news_explores_why_successful_black. html? cat=41. Campbell, K. (2001, July 24). Beyond Bridget, a fuller view of single women. Christian Science Monitor, p. 1. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from LexisNexis database. Dennehy, L. (2010, July 24). Singles look for Mr Right. [Editorial]. Sunday Herald Sun (Australia), p. 27. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from LexisNexis database. Dewitt, P. M. (Ed. ). (1992). All the Lonely People. [Electronic v ersion]. NASHVILLE, TN,: Media Central Inc. Doyle, R. (1999). The Decline of Marriage. Scientific American, 36, 78-85. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from Academic Search Complete database. Goldstein, J. R. (1999). The Leveling of Divorce in the United States. Demography, 36, 409-414. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from Academic Search Complete database. Marsh , A. (2003). What I Learned from Dating 100 Men . Retrieved July 24, 2010 from www. oprah. com: http://www. oprah. com/? omagazine/? love-lessons-from-a-serial-dater. Rosenbloom, S. (2006, July 24). For Men, A Fear Of Commitment. The New York Times, pp. Section 11-Column 5. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from LexisNexis database. Rubin , N. (1997, July 24). In Middle Age and Suddenly Single. The New York Times, pp. Section 14WC-page 1. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from LexisNexis database. Salholz, E. et al. (1986, July 24). Too Late for Prince Charming? Newsweek, 54-63. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from LexisNexis database. Salt, B. (2009, July 24). Truly deflating truth about your sex appeal. The Daily Telegraph (Australia), p. 19. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from LexisNexis database. Smock, P. J. (2000). Cohabitation in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 43-52. Retrieved July 24, 2010 from Academic Search Complete database. US Census Bureau. (2000). Americas Families and Living Arrangements: March 2000. [Electronic version]. Washington DC: U. S. Bureau of the Census. US Census Bureau. (2002). Number, Timing and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 1996,. [Electronic version]. Washington DC: US Census Bureau. Whitehead, B. D. , Popenoe, D. (2002). Why Men Wont Commit: Exploring Young Mens Attitudes About Sex, Dating and Marriage. [Electronic version]. THE NATIONAL MARRIAGE PROJECT, 13, 1-29.

Rot Race lab Report essays

Rot Race lab Report essays Purpose: To see how fast organisms and materials decay under certain conditions. Procedure: We gathered 4 2-liter plastic pop bottles and cut them to assemble the drawing below. Near the bottom we placed a siv to let juices drain through into the bottom 2-liter. Then we stacked materials and organisms on top of each other until it was about 20 cm tall. We then randomly poked holes into the sides of the pop bottles to let air escape. This is the order we placed the materials, from top to bottom; 2 cups of dirt, 13 pieces of melon, I cup of soil, 3 chunks of wax, 2 cut up bananas, 4 slices of apple, 1 banana peel, many slices of carrot peelings, 1 cinnamon roll, apple sauce, 1 slice of bread, and then the siv. Next we let it sit and made observations every Tuesday and Friday. We checked the color change, smell, height (cm), temperature (degrees Celsius), mass (lbs), Ph, and we checked for living organisms. Conclusion: After the experiment we decided that the bread decomposed the best. I believe this because the bread was the most porous, which allowed more bacteria could get to it. We also decided that the wax decomposed the worst because it was the hardest and most compact. We knew that decomposition was taking place because mold was growing on some of the material and the height and mass were decreasing. When an organism decays it loses it size and mass just like our rot column. Improve: One of the ways that we could have improved our experiment is by placing the material on top of the other material and let it set, instead of mashing it and mixing it together. Also we could have put in materials that were harder to decompose. Another thing we could have done was to put more holes in the bottle. That would have let more air escape therefore it wouldn't have smelled as bad. Or maybe we should hav ...

How to Write a WINNING Resume - FREE on Amazon October 18-22!

How to Write a WINNING Resume - FREE on Amazon October 18-22! Im happy to announce that for FIVE days beginning October 18, 2013, my new e-book, How to Write a WINNING Resume 50 Tips to Reach Your Job Search Target, will be available for FREE on Amazon Kindle! This e-book takes you through the entire resume writing process, from concept and preparation through formatting and special issues you might face. Heres a sample of one of the 50 tips included in the book. Download the book for FREE on Amazon, October 18th through 22nd, to get the remaining 49! Consider Including a Chart, Graph or Testimonial If you are in sales or you are an executive, you might choose to create a chart or graph as a pictorial representation of your accomplishments. If you’re a receptionist or a nursery school teacher, a graph would be overkill. Here are some samples of a graph or chart included in a resume: Only use a graph if appropriate for the position to which you’re applying. In Career Directors International’s survey Global Hiring Trends 2012, 33% of respondents reported that they still have not received a resume with a chart or a graph. 24% of those who had seen charts and graphs found them helpful or very helpful, while 22% found them distracting. These results are rather inconclusive but indicate that if you work in a conservative industry (such as insurance or finance) it might be best to stick to the tried and true bullet format; in more innovative industries, or for marketing and sales positions, charts and graphs are a great fresh approach. For someone climbing the ladder within the same company, charts and graphs might also be very effective. When in doubt, keep it simple! Testimonials You might not particularly like tooting your own horn, and frankly, some things are much more credible when said by people other than yourself. If you have received recommendations on LinkedIn ®, positive feedback in evaluations, or testimonials in any form, consider putting them on your resume! Here’s what a testimonial might look like:    The use of testimonials is becoming more and more common on resumes. In Global Hiring Trends 2012, 29% of those surveyed said a testimonial would influence their decision positively. So take advantage of this trend and let your potential employer know what past employers (or professors if you are a new graduate) have to say about you! You may place the testimonial in the top third of the resume, near the relevant position, or anywhere that makes sense and is visually appealing. ********** Was this article helpful? You can find more tips like this (49 more to be exact!) in my new do-it-yourself resume writing e-book titled How to Write a WINNING Resume 50 Tips to Reach Your Job Search Target. And specifically for executives, Ive authored a second version just for you called How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume 50 Tips to Reach Your Job Search Target. ** From October 18th through 22nd, get your copy of How to Write a WINNING Resume absolutely FREE on Amazon! Or purchase How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume for just $9.97.**   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Remember: When you send me a link to your Amazon review, your name will be entered into a bi-annual drawing for a $50 Amazon gift card! You will also be entered into my monthly drawing to win Mary Elizabeth Bradfords Job Search Success System (winner of a 2011 CDI Career Innovator Award and a $97 value check it out here). Click the images above to check out the reviews, purchase, or write a review of your own for a chance to win! Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinOctober 15, 2013 2 Comments Scott says: October 15, 2013 at 7:16 am Which book would you recommend if you were in a creative field like professional writing or graphic design and why. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: October 15, 2013 at 8:50 am I would recommend How to Write a WINNING Resume and I would also recommend using your design skills if you are in graphic design! Log in to Reply

Compare and contrast the economic mobilization during the World Wars I Essay

Compare and contrast the economic mobilization during the World Wars I and II ( in the United States of America) - Essay Example The Axis powers mainly comprised of the countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan. Other countries were also included in the Axis powers such as Finland, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania and the others. Before 1861, United States of America was recognized as one the most powerful shipbuilding nations in the world. But threats gradually came when the European navy started focusing on the new techniques of shipbuilding by substituting wood with iron, introduction of steam driven sea vessels which substituted the primitive sails and awkward paddle wheel were replaced with screw propeller. In August 1914, the United States was almost fatigued by fighting the guerillas and disease in Cuba and Philippines in the Spanish-American wars and Philippine insurrections. USA after a long driven fighting was ready for peace. The president of the United States Wilson Woodrow also showed disinterest in war. On the other hand the Germans were very much alert about the position of the Americans in the water w ays. The Germans believed that they have to curb down the American power through the water way which will provide them easy communication with the allied power countries. On May 7, 1915 the German submarine U-20 sunk down the ocean liner Lusitania where 124 Americans lost their lives. This was a major blow to USA and in 6th April, 1917 war against Germany was declared by a joint resolution by the Congress in USA1 World War II and USA In the history of mankind World War II can be regarded as the largest and the most violent conflicts with the use of modern lethal weapons.2 The World War II was even more dangerous and violent than World War I. In September 1939, Britain declared war against Poland but America did not involve them in this conflict. But when on 7th December Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, America entered into a complete war with the Pacific and Europe. By 1944 US fighter planes carried on severe bombings starting from bombings of Dresden in Germany and then Japan and sixty three other countries and finally the atomic explosion in Hiroshima, Japan on 6th August 1945.3 Having an idea of the backdrop of involvement of USA in both the wars the paper focuses to highlight the economic mobilization of USA in both these wars and how it emerged as a superpower in the world. Economic mobilization of USA in World War I The United States of America declared war against Germany in April 1917. But the main problem which the US army faced was the availability of necessary resources in order to carry on the war. Apart from that US did not also had the plans in mind and was not also acquainted with the character and magnitude of wartime needs as well as specifications for several kinds of equipments.4 Mobilization of the force of army After the declaration of the war with Germany in 1917, there were no immediate reserve force of army in America for the combating the war. However there were high expectation from the Britain and France and they believed that a huge for ce of army would be infiltrating immediately in France. But their expectations were wrong. Only a small army of soldiers under General Pershing was sent to France.5 The problem of manpower issue was solved in May 1917 when President Woodrow Wilson approved a draft law which was formulated in order to prepare a solid army base for

Contemporary Masculinity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Contemporary Masculinity - Coursework Example Some say the shift was caused by the women's movement, which brought men and women on equal footing. Others argue the reason is simple economics, with men needing to be well groomed to be more competitive in a tightening job market. Still others trace the phenomenon to the proliferation of media and the changing face of consumerism. Whatever the reasons, the men exhibiting the old attributes of manhood are held less likely to play a significant part as role models for the youth in modern civilised life. Today's examples of modern manliness are David Beckham and his courtliness, Peter Mandelson and his buttoned-up punctiliousness, and Ruth Kelly and his dogged refusal to buckle under pressure 1. The new models of masculinity, according to the growing literature on the subject, require that they no longer engage in barroom brawls and out-drink everybody. They get themselves into trouble now and then but they are not above regretting their actions and feeling contrite for these, as gleaned from the frequent outbursts of Beckham on court, for which he would apologize to the sports fans later on. More important, the new icons of masculinity are fastidious about their appearance such that this has given rise to the unisex beauty salons, which used to service an all-female clientele. What brought about this marked shi ft in perception about the concept of true masculinity Were there any events or male personalities then and now that influenced this phenomenon If so, how exactly did it happen These then are the major questions that this paper will seek answers to. The objective is to see what factor or conglomeration of factors and events brought about the change in the new concept of masculinity, and why characteristics previously considered unbecoming of a real man now seem to make up the epitome of manliness. Toward this end, the dissertation explores both the field and the literature for possible explanation. Section 1 will address metrosexuality, the name by which contemporary masculinity is now known, by focusing on its origin, spread and influences. Section 2 discusses the possible role of celebrities from the movie world, politics and the upper crust of society in bringing about this fascination with a new kind of

Love and Patriotism Essay Example for Free

Love and Patriotism Essay Patriotism is a frame of mind in which one loves ones country and is proud of it. It is a vigorous feeling of love, loyalty and support for ones country especially in defense against its enemies. It means that one should give more value and importance to ones country than to ones own self. It makes one bound for certain responsibilities, and these responsibilities are ideological commitment and dedication to the defense and prosperity of ones country. Only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. (Nathan Hale) Man is a social animal. It is hard for him to breathe in isolation. Contact with his fellow beings is inevitable for mutual growth and economic development. Patriotism creates unity among the people for a noble cause and trains them to tolerate one and other and sacrifice for the country. Soldiers die not in hatred but in love. (Anonymous) Patriotism is a virtue that converts a mob into nation. Nations rise and prosper if their individuals are united by a cord of love, sympathy and sincerity. People learn to honor the freedom and independence of their country. They learn that they can prosper and progress if they have a deep natural relation with their country. Birds fly towards their nests, children rush to take refuge in the lap of their mothers and human beings move towards their homes for peace and shelter, and so is our country that gives us protection and peace. It is a sort of heaven for us. We should try our best to make it beautiful, secure, strong and peaceful. Our existence definitely depends on the existence and survival of our dear homeland. We can do so if we have an ultimate faith in our country. We must not undermine our relationship and association which we have with our homeland by birth. Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one. (Mareus) Disciplined armed forces, hardworking and skillful craftsmen, diligent and committed women, and ambitious students have only one aim and that is to serve their country. They believe that their personal achievement will benefit not only themselves but also their country. They want to raise the flag of their country because they have a strong sense of patriotism. Love works wonders. Miracles are not beyond us if we are fired with the passion of patriotism. Patriotism fills us with a magnetic force which overcomes all our petty differences of languages and creeds.

Metaphysics as Addressed by Kant and Hume Essay -- Papers Kant Hume Ph

Metaphysics as Addressed by Kant and Hume In the Prolegomena, Kant states that reading David Hume, "awakened him from his dogmatic slumber." It was Hume's An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding that made Kant aware of issues and prejudices in his life that he had previously been unaware of. This further prompted Kant to respond to Hume with his own analysis on the theory of metaphysics. Kant did not feel that Hume dealt with these matters adequately and resolved to pick up where Hume had left off, specifically addressing the question of whether metaphysics as a science is possible. Hume basically asserted in his writings that metaphysics, as a science, is not possible. He specifically drew on the theory of "causality", which is the attempt by people to rationalize situations. These rationalizations deal with the experience of cause and effect. People tend to attribute patterns to things according to their cause and effect. For example, gravity causes the anything that goes up to come down- we have become so used to this principle that we have made a very definitive statement on the subject. Hume however, attacks this principle by claiming that we have not experienced every instance of this matter. It is not that it must come down, but that it happens to come down. He believed that any "all" or "must" statement is not reinforced through reason but through repetition. Because Hume feels this way, he then concludes that metaphysics is not possible. Hume's writing posed an interesting starting off point for Kant's theories. As said before, Kant attributes Hume's writing with waking him from his "dogmatic slumber." He recognizes both Hume's intelligence and the validity of his statements. However, he does n... ...th much like Hume stood by skepticism. He relies blindly on faith to explain a large part of what he is trying to discredit Hume for. It is almost as if he is not making a definitive statement on the existence of metaphysics. Rather, he is caught in the middle, claiming that it may be true in one instance, but not in another. Kant directly deals with the problems presented in Hume's analysis of metaphysics. Where Hume stops his line of thinking and becomes skeptical as to the existence of metaphysics as a science, Kant picks up. He proceeds to analyze both the validity of metaphysics as a science and a force in our lives. Turning to the methods of other credible men in the scientific field- such as Copernicus- Kant develops a whole new approach to looking at the world. However, like Hume, Kant encounters an obstacle and does not find a solution for it.

Piece of irony Essay

His odyssey then comes to a halt, as he perceives his friend, Henry Clerval. Coming across this memorable person allows him to forget his horror and misfortune; it allows him to feel calm and serene joy. They exchange stories and Victor reveals the scenario of his created monster. Henry believes it is a disturbed imagination, but the pertinacity of the story allows it to become believable. Where will Frankenstein go from here? This chapter is of pure significance to how the story is concluded. It creates suspense, knowing there is a vile monster on the loose. Where will it go? What will it do? This chapter allows new themes to be created. Death! Love! What will this mean for Frankenstein? Will he live or will he die? How will this gothic novel conclude and what effect will this monster have on the communities’ welfare? The character of Frankenstein should be immensely appreciated. Is Frankenstein who we think he is? From previously read chapters, we see the emotional and diligent side of Frankenstein. He is seen to be energetic, beneficial, well-mannered; a man of determination who would in capacitate at the thought of failure. However, chapter 5 emphasizes the indolent and non-progressive side of Dr. Frankenstein. We see this by the way he reacts to the form and appearance of his unforgettable monster. For example, he uses a great phrase: ‘With anxiety that almost amounted to agony’. This suggests that the amount of fear and worry was immensely increasing. Victors feelings towards his creature are negative, consequently his use of irony emphasizes this. One piece of irony used is: ‘I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! ‘ Victor doesn’t mean what he says so he uses sarcasm to overlap his disappointment. Victor also uses a rhetorical question to make himself and the reader think. He asks himself: ‘how can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe? ‘. This once again clarifies his negativity towards the monster. In this chapter, Victor has two main dreams, one being of relevance. His first dream is about the outcome of his creation; the beauty that had encountered to disgust and breathless horror. The second of the two dreams is the most abnormal. Victor dreamt that his wife Elizabeth had wandered the streets of Ingolstadt in the bloom of health; once embracing her, he kisses her dainty lips and somehow her body reforms to that of his dead mother, wrapped up in cloth, covered scarcely in graveworms. This is of pure relevance to the rest of the novel as they are seen as signs for what is to come in the future. As it happens, his dream in some phases becomes true. Elizabeth, Victor’s wife gets killed by his vicious creature. From this stage, Victor is forced to create a companion for the monster; not consenting to this would lead to more homicides within Victor’s family. In the novel, Mary Shelley illustrates a poem to correlate with Victors retreat from home. The first line of the poem reads: ‘Like one, on a lonesome road’. Using this sentence suggests that Victor is walking by himself; disassociated with anyone. At this moment in time, he is feeling poorly and anxious about what the consequences hold. The second line reads: ‘Doth walk in fear and dread’. This emphasizes the fact that he is scared as he triumphants through the streets. The next line reads: ‘And having once turned round, walks on’. This phrase states that he turns around to see his surroundings, and then continues his journey. Victors feels as if the monster has banished him from Ingolstadt. The following line reads; ‘And turns no more his head’. This tells us that Victor doesn’t want to come in contact with the monster again. At this point, Victor still has the feeling of disappointment and embarrassment in himself. Next the poem reads; ‘Because he knows a frightful flend’. This means he knows a frightful demon, of whom to him is the monster he created. The final line of the poem reads: ‘Doth close behind him tread’. This means that the monster is perhaps close behind him. At this moment, Victor feels paranoid and weary. Within this gothic novel, Victor includes 3 themes: dark science, isolation and weather. Dark science is used to indicate the creation of the fiend, made from scarce rotted bodily parts. His thoughts are deep and out of this world. His knowledge takes him so deep into science that his tutor tries to prevent him passing a certain stage in his medical degree. His aim is to infuse life into an inanimate body. He succeeds, however is disappointed with his result. During this theme, it is intercepted by weather. During the lonely nights and experimental days, the dark science compacts with horrid weather. For example: ‘it was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishments of my toils’. This tells us that the night the monster was finalised, the night and atmosphere was very dull. Another example of the weather.

The Mighty Dung Beetle

While the majority of the human population quivers at the thought of ingesting manure, the mighty dung beetle rises to the challenge, and uses the manure in unique ways. Without dung beetles, pastures would be overrun with manure and flies- and parasites would run amuck. I’m no expert but according to the Sustainable Parasite Management division at the University of Pretoria in South Africa, affectionately known as PU, the dung beetle is beneficial to our environment. They help keep the soil cleaner, reduce pollution and algae formation in our waters, and acts as an organic pooper scooper for our livestock farms. First let’s begin by identifying the different types of dung beetles. These meadow muffin munchers are divided into three classifications, Rollers, Tunnellers and Dwellers. The Rollers do just that.. they roll the prairie patties into smooth, round balls called brood balls. Then they roll the brood balls away to a more desirable location. Once the rollers find the perfect location for their new abode, they bury it into the ground. The female will lay a single egg into the brood ball and then coat and seal it with a mixture of dung, saliva, and of course, her own fecal matter. After the egg hatches, the baby dung beetle devours the dung and lives in the brood ball until it reaches maturity. Then there are the Tunnellers. They dig tunnels in the ground in depths of between a few centimeters to 1 meter. This is large enough for them to live and move around in. Once the tunnel has been dug, they pull the manure in to the tunnel and place it throughout. Inside their new home is where the female lays her eggs. Storing the manure underground helps keep it fresh and protects the growing babies from predators and parasites. The last of the waste managers are the Dwellers who live on top of the pasture patty. The female lays her eggs on top of manure piles, and the entire development from egg to adult takes place inside the pile. Dwellers are smallest of the three and they seem to like cow patties the best for raising a family. The adults can be found in fresh, moist droppings, while the babies are slowly growing in dung that is drying out. Now that you know a little about the different types of dung beetles, let’s see how they are drawn to manure. Dr.  Patricia Richardson, Research Associate at the University of Texas, states, adult dung beetles are drawn to manure by odor. Many are species-specific in that they prefer a certain type of animal manure. Just like people searching for the perfect home, the dung beetle will fly up to ten miles in search of just the right patty. They can attack dung pats within seconds after they drop. Some dung beetles will even hitch a ride near the tails of animals in anticipation of a deposit. Once drawn by the odor, the adults use the liquid contents of the manure for their nourishment. In addition; a single cow patty can attract 60-80 adult flies. That would be a lot of flies if it were not for the competitive dung beetle. With all of the rolling and tunneling and dwelling of the dung beetle, flies and other harmful parasites don’t have a chance. Our society isn’t the first to appreciate the contributions of the dung beetles. The scarab is in the roller family of dung beetles. Yep! The Egyptians have long been known to have a fascination with the dropping dwellers. Jewelry has been crafted and carvings have been drafted in admiration of our mighty dung friends. In summation while the dung beetle keeps the soil cleaner, reduces pollution and algae formation in our waters, and acts as an organic pooper scooper for our livestock farms, it is also important to understand by removing the dung pat from its original location, this helps cut down on the fly population which is attracted to the dung pat. By making tunnels this will increase soil capacity to absorb and hold water. Therefore one can see how the dung beetle is very important to our environment. So if you really look at it, the world would be a much smeller place if it were not for the tireless efforts of the dung beetles.

Road Traffic Accidents Epidemiology of an Injury

Road Traffic Accidents Epidemiology of an Injury Introduction: Epidemiology, Statistics and Other Related Issues Road accidents will always happen (Bartley, 2008). No matter how well people might learn the basic principles of road regulations and the rules of pedestrian safety, due to the notorious human factor, accidents are practically unavoidable (Cacciabue, 2004). As a result, road injuries will never cease to occur, and, therefore, the guidelines on their efficient handling must be revisited once again.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Road Traffic Accidents: Epidemiology of an Injury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the rise in the population umber in most cities, the number of road accidents has also increased (Gustavsson, 2008), which cannot but cause concern among the representatives of healthcare services. Despite the attempts that have been undertaken in order to address the issue of road accidents, the number of the latter does not seem to be goin g to decrease any time soon; however, with the help of a new strategy that will allow for the introduction of the basic road safety rules to the target audience, one can possibly bring the rates of bad accidents down a few notches. The given goal can be achieved after a careful analysis of the existing data on the road accidents in the United Kingdom has been carried out and the detailed information concerning the types of road accidents, their number and their victims is acquired. Therefore, the goal of this paper is not only to define the key type of road injuries – although the research will also comment on the given type of data – but also to offer efficient measures to prevent road accidents, as well as handle them fast. Priority Area: The Cost of Human Life In the modern world, human life is the top priority, which all the actions should be centered around (Gostin, 2010). Like in any other research in healthcare, people’s health and well-being is the prior ity of the given paper. As a result, the means to preserve the lives of the people who happened to be in the epicenter of a road accident are being discussed in this paper. One might argue, though, that the superiority of human life is only implied in the given research, while the real focus of the research is the analysis of the statistical data on road accidents across the United Kingdom, as well as the process of working on the strategy for fighting road accidents.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, the research revolves around the aforementioned issues and, in fact, provides the opportunity of studying the social factors causing road accidents along with the data concerning the road injuries, instead of merely specifying the annual number of injuries. As a result, one can easily get the full picture of what causes road accidents, who gets into car crashes and other types of incidents, as well as study the possible social factors inducing these incidents, such as social/family background, workload, etc. However, at the end of the day, these are the prevention measures against road accidents that matter; as a matter of fact, the entire research is aimed at checking whether there are possible means to reduce the amount of road accidents by providing people with detailed instructions on the type of behavior acceptable in places with complex traffic patterns. Thus, it can be assumed that the key priority of the given research revolves around the safety of the people who might be possibly under the threat of getting into a road traffic accident. Road Traffic Accidents Related to the Target Audience Before defining the target audience for the given research, it is necessary to say a couple of words about the people who are affected by the road accidents most. According to what the reports on the UK road accidents say, most of the victim lists consist of the people of 18–50 years (RAS30001 – reported road casualties by road user type and severity, Great Britain, 2005–09 average, annual for latest 5 available years, 2013, June 27). Of course, one might argue that the given number is far too big to make a reasonable conclusion, the problem is actually not with the lack of precision when it comes to the age of the people injured in the road accidents. Instead, the emphasis shifts to the fact that the types of victims range from pedestrians to the ones responsible for the accident themselves (RAS30002 – reported casualties by road user type, age and severity, Great Britain, latest available year, 2013, June 27).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Road Traffic Accidents: Epidemiology of an Injury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is more than advisable to consider every possible group of people involved into road accidents in order to specify the target audience for the given research (Road traffic injury prevention manual, 2006). Preventive Measures and Their Efficiency: What Needs to Be Changed When choosing the intervention that can possibly work within the chosen setting, one must admit that there are two basic ways to help the people who can possibly suffer from being involved in a road accident or be the victim of the one (Hoye, 2009). To start with, it is crucial that people should spread awareness of road accidents and the necessity to comply with the existing pedestrian safety rules, as well as the rule of the road in general (Peden, 2008). According to the results provided by the data sets, the people who are most prone to road accidents are people aged 18–50 (RAS30004 – Reported road casualties by road user type: Great Britain, quarterly and annual for latest 11 available years, 2011). Since employees and students fall into the given age category, it is most reasonable to int roduce college/university courses and business courses where people are taught the basics of road safety (Kennedy-Smith, 2012). However, as the numerous examples of case studies and researches show, being aware of the dangers of road accidents, as well as knowing the basic ways to avoid these accidents will not necessarily help. Therefore, it will be required to make people aware of what has to be done once a road accident has taken place (Gurgaon doctor raises awareness on first aid for road accident victims, n. d.). As reports show, people tend to move the injured in case of road accidents, which often results in harming the injured person/people even more. Therefore, it is desirable that the basic rules on how to treat the victim of a road accident must be provided for the entire population of the UK.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The given goal can be reached by creating a massive campaign with advertisements and commercials not only on TV, but also in the largest social networks, such as Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, etc. (Knoxville car accident prevention: Distracted driver awareness month, 2013, April 10). Injury Data for the TA: Minor Discrepancies in the Statistical Information It must be admitted that for the most part, the data provided by the dataset offered by the UK Department of Transport is rather adequate, as well as the manner in which the given data is provided for the audience to consider. However, it cannot be argued that the current data sets still can and must be improved so that the data available for the analysis could be acquired and processed faster and more efficiently. To be more particular, the way in which the people suffering from road accidents have been classified could use some improvements. At present, the available dataset offers very scarce information on the age of the in jured without actually specifying a number of important details concerning the injured. The first detail that falls into the eye is the fact that there is no statistical data concerning the gender of the injured or yet, more importantly, their social status. While age is an important piece of information to consider, it gives little to no idea of what made the people in question neglect or fail to learn the basic rules of pedestrian safety or/and road regulations (National Roads Authority, 2000). Another obvious failure of the existing methods of gathering information on road accidents and road accident victims is the absence of injuries classification. On the one hand, the cases of road injuries have been split into the basic severe damage – light damage – death types; however, the information provided in the data set does not allow figuring out which organs are typically injured most in road accidents. For example, the existing data sets could also have an additional slot or even one more table that would provide the data on injury types, e.g., â€Å"head traumas: 70, hand breaches – 50, hand twists – 30,† etc. With the help of the given classification, one would be able to provide the measures that would address the injuries in question, therefore, being more specific and, as a result, more efficient (Saraee, Kerry, Lloyd Markey, n. d.). Improving the Data Issues: Ideas and Suggestions As the paragraph above shows, the data provided on the road traffic accidents and the injuries associated with these accidents, the information datasets definitely lack in certain types of information, such as the kind of injury that the victim of the accident suffered from, the gender of the victim, a more specific age classification, the classification according to the specifics of the victim’s social status, etc. In general, the statistical data provided by the corresponding organizations could clearly use a better nomenclature an d be much more diverse; in other words, the analysis of the existing data carried out by the corresponding state services could have been implemented in a much more impressive way. Therefore, to improve the data available from the online databases, one should analyze it more carefully and split it into more categories, so that more conclusions could be drawn from it. To start with, it is clear that the suggestion provided by the authors of the case study in question is not enough. On the one hand, it is important to have competent staff being able to address the most complicated cases of injuries in case of a road accident. However, as the results of the research show, in most cases, the death of the victim is inflicted by the careless, though hardly malicious, treatment of the witnesses of the accident. The given conclusion leads to the discovery that very few people, in fact, know what to do in case of road traffic accidents. Therefore, it is important to spread awareness concerni ng the actions to be taken in case of being a witness to a road accident. Once people are able to withdraw from doing unpremeditated harm to the victims, it will be easier for the medical staff to address the problem and help the victims efficiently. Reference List Bartley, G. P. (2008). Traffic accidents: Causes and outcomes. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. Cacciabue, P. C. (2004). Guide to applying human factor methods: Human error and accident management in safety-critical systems. New York, NY: Springer. Gostin, L. O. (2010). Public health law and ethics: A reader. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Gurgaon doctor raises awareness on first aid for road accident victims (n. d.). Retrieved from http://ibnlive.in.com/shows/India-Positive/414286.html Gustavsson, P. (2008). New transportation research progress. New York, NY: Nova Publishers. Hoye, A. (2009). The handbook of road safety measures. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd. Kennedy-Smith, L. (2012). C rash! What you don’t know about driving can kill you! Victoria, CA: FriesenPress. Knoxville car accident prevention: Distracted driver awareness month (2013, April 10). Retrieved from tennesseeinjuryattorneyblog.com/2013/04/knoxville-car-accident-prevent.html National Roads Authority (2000). Road accident facts: Ireland 2000. Retrieved from nra.ie/Publications/DownloadableDocumentation/RoadSafety/file,3640,en.PDF Peden, M. M. (2008). World report on child injury prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization. RAS30001 – reported road casualties by road user type and severity, Great Britain, 2005–09 average, annual for latest 5 available years (2013, June 27). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/208625/ras30001.xls RAS30002 – reported casualties by road user type, age and severity, Great Britain, latest available year (2013, June 27). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/att achment_data/file/208639/ras30002.xls RAS30004 – Reported road casualties by road user type: Great Britain, quarterly and annual for latest 11 available years (2011). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ras30-reported-casualties-in-road-accidents Road traffic injury prevention manual (2006). Geneva: World health Organization. Saraee, M., Kerry, J., Lloyd, M. Markey, C. (n. d.). Application of data mining: Case of road accidents in the UK West Midlands area. Retrieved from http://usir.salford.ac.uk/18821/1/Accident_2004.pdf

Yogh - A Letter of the Alphabet in Middle English

Yogh - A Letter of the Alphabet in Middle English Yogh  (Ê’)  was a  letter  of the alphabet in  Middle English. According to the editors of the American Heritage Dictionary, yogh was used to represent the sound (y) and the voiced and voiceless velar fricatives. Yogh can be found in the original manuscript of the late-14th-century romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight [Sir Gawayn and à ¾e Grene KnyÈ t], but the letter  died out during the 15th century. Middle English yogh was derived from the insular g in  Old English.  As explained below, the letter was pronounced in different ways according to a number of factors. Although the yogh has no exact equivalent today, it can  correspond to Modern English y as in yet, Modern English gh as in light, and Scottish English  ch as in loch. Examples and Observations The yogh ... asks us to make the sound that most Germans make when they say ich, which most Scots people make when they say loch, which most Welsh people make when they say bach, and which some Liverpudlians make when they say back. As the Old English said this kind of sound a good deal, it was very useful to have a letter for it. They had the Roman g which we see in the first line of Beowulf. The yogh was used in the Middle English period (late 12th-15th centuries) to represent the ch sound, perhaps as g had other work to do.(Michael Rose, Alphabetical: How Every Letter Tells a Story. Counterpoint, 2015)Pronunciations of Yogh in Middle EnglishYogh (Ê’) was pronounced in several different ways, according to its position in the word. Initially, yogh was pronounced like y, as in Modern English yet. It had the same sound after the vowels e, i, or y, for example in the Middle English words yÊ’e (eye) and hiÊ’e (high), which unlike their Modern English counterparts were pronounce d with two syllables. Within words or at the ends of words, yogh or gh sometimes represented the sound of w, as in folÊ’ed (followed), or innoÊ’e (enough), which we know from its use in rhyme was pronounced enow rather than with an f sound as in Modern English enough. Before t and after e, i, or y, yogh or gh was pronounced like ch in German ich (for example, in the Middle English ryÊ’t, right); before t and after a and o it was pronounced like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach (for example, in Middle English soÊ’te, sought). It had the same value word-finally in the word à ¾aÊ’, though. However, at the ends of words, it more often represented the unvoiced sound of s as in Modern English sillthough it may also at times have represented the ​voiced sound of z as in Modern English zeal (Vantuona 176).(David Gould,  Pearl of Great Price: A Literary Translation of the Middle English Pearl. University Press of America, 2012)   The gh Pronunciation of Yogh- [I]n Old English, ... one of the sound values of the letter yogh was /x/. ... Words like niÊ’t, hiÊ’, burÊ’, miÊ’t and thoÊ’ were respelled by French scribes with a gh, so we get night, high, burgh, might and though as common spellings for these words in early Middle English. To begin with, the gh continued to be pronounced. When we read in the opening lines of The Canterbury Tales about the little birds sleeping all through the nyght, we need to take that spelling at face value and read it as /nIxt/, with the ch sound of Scots loch or Welsh bach. But the /x/ disappeared from southern English during the 15th and 16th centuries. North of the border, and in some other provincial accents, it stayedhence modern Scots spellings such as moonlicht nicht.(David Crystal, Spell It Out. Picador, 2014)- [T]he breathy English g or y sound (once denoted by the English letter yogh) came to be spelled as GH. ... However, it was GHs bad luck to be left beh ind by subsequent, general changes in English pronunciation. Originally, in words like sight, although, cough, or enough, the Norman GH-spelling mirrored the medieval pronunciations. Yet these pronunciations later changed, variously, and today the whole family of English GH words is notoriously unphonetic in spellingto the frustration of purists. ...(David Sacks,  Letter Perfect: The A-to-Z History of Our Alphabet. Knopf, 2010)- The digraph gh causes difficulty. It is commonly a relic of a velar or palatal fricative that is preserved as a velar fricative /x/ in Scots, as in bricht night (bright night). (1) It is normally silent after u as in taught, drought, naughty, thought, though, through, thorough, bough, and after i as in straight, weight, height, high, light, night. (2) It is pronounced /f/ in a few words such as cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough. (3) In the following place-names in England, each gh is different: Slough (rhymes with how), Keighley (Keethley), Loughborough ( Luff-). (4)   In hiccough, the gh was substituted for p (hiccup) in the mistaken belief that the word derived from cough. (5) It has disappeared in AmE draft, plow (formerly also used in BrE) and in dry, fly, sly, although preserved in the related nouns drought, flight, sleight. (6) It sometimes alternates with ch in related words: straight/stretch, taught/teach.(Tom McArthur,  Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005) From Yogh to Zee in Scottish EnglishThe yogh owes its origin to the Irish scribes who arrived in Saxon Britain in the 8th Century and began teaching the Anglo-Saxons to writebefore this, old English was written in runes ... .It fell out of favor with the Normans, whose scribes disliked non-Latin characters and replaced it with a y or g sound, and in the middle of words with gh. But the Scottish retained the yogh in personal and place names, albeit mutating into a z to please the typesetters of the day.Inevitably, however, the euphemistic z became a real z, in some quarters at least. The surname MacKenzie now almost universally takes the zee sound although it would have originally been pronounced MacKenyie.(Why is Menzies Pronounced Mingis? BBC News, January 10, 2006) Pronunciation: YOG or yoKH Also see: From A to Z: Quick Facts About the AlphabetKey Events in the History of the English LanguageSpelling

Support children with additional needs in a Early years setting Essay

Support children with additional needs in a Early years setting - Essay Example In some cases, the persons use audio materials like an audio book to facilitate fast understanding of information. The main aspect chosen is derived from the symptoms of dyslexia. The major symptom analysed was learning difficulty. The underlying assumptions about the character, pervasiveness and materialization of the condition were considered (Reid, 2011). The manifestations characterizing dyslexia supported in the research in relation to reading and learning difficulties were as follows: the reading disability included categorical difficulties with reading speeds and understanding levels. The other aspect included spelling difficulties that further influences reading glibness and written expression. Dyslexia may occur in segregation or may overlap widely in persons with reading problem. The condition quite often exists in persons with abilities, talents and gifts that enable them thrive in many realms. The affected persons portray problems with attention and memory, which makes it difficult to develop intellectually (Reid, 2011). The most probable approach in dealing with the condition is early detection. People with the condition can be assisted, regardless of age (Shaywitz, 2008). The treatment of the condition is the responsibility of all teachers and support personnel in any academic institution. The patients deserve sufficient instruction and guidance in regular classrooms and through other involvement programs. Dyslexia patients require the love and understanding of the people around them in order to boost their self-worth (Reid, 2011). The children should not be alienated on the grounds of class performance because they are always very gifted in other areas beyond classroom. In the class, it is important to check if the child correctly writes down exactly what is required in the homework (Shaywitz, 2008). All academic work should be written down and not verbally, to help

Sydney as an Efficient Department of Health Assignment

Sydney as an Efficient Department of Health - Assignment Example In the past, Sydney had higher unemployment rates in comparison to the national average and other regions of Nova Scotia (LFS December 2014). The ethnic groups that are mostly found in Sydney are mostly French, Canadian, Scottish, English, and Irish. There might also be a visible small population of Chinese, Arabs, and Africans. According to a recent census, 65% of the big population reports to have England as their original motherland and thus English as their mother tongue. The rest of the population that reports having French and another non-official language as their mother tongue are almost equal, 15% and 13%.The Francophone and Acadian are not concentrated in Sydney as they are in other counties such as Richmond, Digby and Halifax. Despite Christianity taking dominance in this population, the practice of Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism is exhibited. In the total population, 75% practice Christianity, 5% practice Judaism, Buddhism, and Islam while the rest 20% have no religious affiliation (Sylvester, 2001). From the 2011 census, the population practices Agriculture though not in large scale. They mostly cultivate vegetables to feed the people that live in Sydney.They build dikes along the tidal marshes so that they can secure salt that they use to cure salt. Fishing is a large contributor the economy of Sydney. This makes it a leader among a majority of fisheries in the Atlantis coast. Due to this, salt and dried fish is the main export commodity to other parts of the world such as Latin America. There is the presence of valuable fish in their markets such as cod and haddock. Crustaceans such as lobsters and scallops are also present. Sydney does not have a large presence in manufacturing industries. It accounts for less than three percentages of the manufacturing sales in Canada. However, the region manufactures wood, plastics, and food. The tourism in the community is relatively active, employing 7200 workers. The sea is a main source of  transport despite the region having other transport services such as railway and road.

Master Degree in Accounting Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Master Degree in Accounting - Personal Statement Example However, my quest for knowledge and development instills me with the passion to learn more beyond what I already know. I believe that I should not stop but strive to achieve my full potential My decision to pursue a master's degree in accountancy is part of my quest in furthering my growth and development as a person and an employee. This program will certainly boost my knowledge through the new concepts which will be presented by my professors. Considering that I am from Egypt, I believe that I will surely learn a lot of new things in this country. The acquisition of knowledge will be more efficient as I will be dealing with the nest teachers and other students from around the globe. Aside from this, I know that my interaction with my classmates will also enable me to enhance my social skills, make me more open-minded, and improve my knowledge on world culture. This university is the best venue for me to gain all these. I believe that a master's degree will be my ticket in fulfilling my life's purpose-to contribute in the success of business organizations. I am born with an innate desire contribute what I have to the business world. With my knowledge and experience, this will be in my field of interest-accountancy.

Xenobiotics Metabolizing Enzymes Very Important Exogenous Endogenous Compounds Biology Essay

Xenobiotics Metabolizing Enzymes Very Important Exogenous Endogenous Compounds Biology Essay Xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes (XMES) are very important for metabolizing of exogenous and endogenous compounds [23]. They are involved in the biotransformation of exogenous compounds like procarcinogen, drugs, solvents. They are categorized into parts: phase I and phase II enzymes. Cytochrome 450 family comes under phase I enzyme. Cytochrome P450 family of enzymes is mainly involved in synthesis and metabolism processes of exogenous and endogenous compounds. CYP genes are located mainly in the liver and within the cell are present in the endoplasmic reticulum and also in the mitochondria. CYP family is divided into four main families: CYP 1, CYP 2, CYP 3 and CYP4. CYP has two main roles in the human body [24]. First, CYP is used by the body to metabolize and transform a range of hydrophobic xenobiotics (exogenous, foreign compounds such as pesticides, carcinogens, and pollutants) to more polar metabolites so that they can be readily excreted in the urine. By biotransforming potentially toxic compounds to less potent forms, CYP works as a natural detoxifying agent of the body. Large populations of CYP are found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian liver cells, the primary site of metabolism. The gene families most commonly found in humans and involved in metabolism include cytochrome P-450 1, 2, and 3 (known as CYP 1, CYP 2, and CYP 3). Second, CYP enzymes are used in the synthesis of important signaling molecules, such as steroid hormones in the endocrine glands, fat-soluble vitamins and Metabolism of fats (cholesterol and fatty acids). CYP metabolisms have adverse effects as well as beneficial effects. CYP plays an important role in activating carcinogens, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), by an oxidation mechanism. They are also involved in the metabolism of certain medication that are ingested (endoplasmic reticulum) and also certain toxin/internal substances formed within the cells (mitochondria). These functions mainly depend upon iron present in it as a prosthetic group. Hence, they are called hemoproteins. Iron contains two 4s electrons and six 3d shell electrons in its valence shell. The function of this gene depends on the shifting oxidation state of iron between ferrous Fe2+ (loss of the 4s electrons) and ferric Fe3+ (loss of an additional 3d electron). As the ferric state results in a half-filled 3d shell, it is the more stable form of the two states. As a result, CYP can be readily reduced with the addition of an electron. It is a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases and involved in an independent NADPH dependent electron transport pathway [24]. Fig1. Metal complex structure of CYP 450 5. MECHANISM 5.1. CARCINOGEN IDENTIFICATION The carcinogen from tobacco smoking is genotoxic carcinogens that are capable on inducing DNA lesion. This carcinogen is divided into two parts, first is direct carcinogens and second is procarcinogens. Direct carcinogens are highly reactive and having an electrophilic groups with surplus positive charge. They interact directly with DNA and form DNA adducts. The example of this carcinogens are N-nitrosoalkylurea, ethyl- and methylmethanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitronitrosoguanidine, sulfur mustard, diepoxybutane, beta-propiolactone, ethyleneimine, etc. Initially, procarcinogens are chemically in inactive form. When procarcinogens go inside the body, they interact with different types of enzyme that metabolise in the cell in two steps. In the first step, procarcinogen are activated and converted into electrophilic derivatives. In the second step, the metabolic products are neutralized by conjugation. The first step process is mainly done by CYTOCHROME 450 family and second step process is done by conjugating enzymes include acyltransferase, epoxidases, sulfotransferases, glutathione-S-transferases, UDP-glucuronyl transferases, and transaminases [6]. They are activated by oxidation process that is mainly done by CYP gene. The main procarcinogen in smoking that create negative effect on CYP1A1 genes are mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group (Benzo(a)pyrene, Benz(a)anthracene, Benzo(b) fluoranthene, Benzo(c)phenanthrene) and N-nitrosamines (NNK) [8]. CYP1A1 does not form directly tumour, it only makes procarcinogen to carcinogen that forms tumour formation. Cytochrome p450 enzyme comes under the phase1 enzymes which convertes the mutagens to epoxides in the K-region as well as the Bay region of Benzo (a) pyrene [1]. CYP gene carry out oxidation and reduction of the hydrophobic ligands converting them into epoxides usually in the K-region which is then taken up by phase2 enzyme (GST) and metabolized into water soluble compounds (later excreted through urine). But if the epoxide is formed near the bay region then phase2 enzymes become idle without carrying out any metabolic process. The CYP gene metabolises the carcinogens to epoxides, which are highly reactive and binds to DNA and further activate d to diol epoxides. They covert the carcinogen B[a] P into B[a]P-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides which has got high DNA binding capacity. These mutagens are termed as Bay epoxides as they have tumourogenic effects on DNA. The presence of motif reason of CYP 450 oxidizes the PAH. The motif reason of CYP450 is Phe-X(6-9)-Cys-X-Gly, where X is a specific amino acid. Cysteine binds to heme iron and takes part in the transfer of one atmospheric oxygen atom to the substrate that contained in the pocket of the substrate-binding site in the enzyme active center. In few cases, the life span of metabolites is very short (several milliseconds) due to their high reactivity and fast conversion into stable hydroxylated derivatives. In other cases, due to slow decomposition of metabolites they easily enter into the nucleus, mitochondria, and other cell organelles. The reaction catalyzed by cytochromes P450 is a monooxygenase reaction, e.g., insertion of one atom of oxygen into an organic substrate (RH) whi le the other oxygen atom is reduced to water: RH + O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → ROH + H2O Fig2. Substrate oxidation in the cytochrome P450 system Fig3. Bay and K region of Benzo(a)pyrene and epoxide formation of Bay region Fig4. Epoxide formation of B(a)P 5.2. INDUCTION OF CYP GENE The amount of CYP1A1 is responsible for tumour formation in organs. Basal expression of CYP1A1 is negligible. High amount of CYP1A1 increases the risk of tumour formation or cancer. It can create an imbalance condition between detoxification and activation that leads to adverse effects. It converts the procarcinogen to carcinogen by oxidation process. At high substrate concentrations detoxification becomes saturated and induction can increase the production of reactive metabolites compare to the capacity of cellular defenses, thereby producing toxicity or neoplasia [9]. Procarcinogen increases the amount of CYP1A1. CYP1A1 is induced by two pathways namely canonical and non-canonical signaling pathway of AhR. Canonical signaling pathway enhances the synthesis of CYP1A1 that causes tumour formation. There is no evidence to prove that Non-Canonical signaling pathway is the reason of tumour promoter. Our study show that the research is going on about non canonical signaling pathway. CYP1A1 is also called as AHH (Aryl Hydrocarbon hydroxylase). It is involved in the metabolic activation of aromatic hydrocarbon (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). The studies on the mechanism revealed that ligand like B[a]P binds to the receptor AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) (an intracellular protein that starts the induction process by biding inducer) in the cytosol. When B(a)P goes inside the body, it will pass through lipid membrane before reaching the cytosol. It is a hydrophobic as well as lipophilic compound that accumulates in the membrane of lipid bilayer, So that the membrane loses its reliability and an increase in permeability to protons and ions. Therefore, it creates imbalance the proton motive force and intracellular pH. In addition to the effects of lipophilic compounds on the lipid part of the membrane, proteins surrounded in the membrane are affected. The effects on the membrane-embedded proteins result to a large extent from changes in the lipid environment [7, 9]. So that PAH is able to go inside the cytosol and makes complex with Ahr receptor. Usually the AhR receptor is present as a part of the cytosolic protein complex which includes 2 hsp90, p23 and XAP2 or AIP (also known as co-chaperons). Once the ligand is bound to the receptor, the co-chaperons dissociate and the receptor is translolcated into the nucleus. This complex along with the ligand molecule heterodimerizes, with another molecule ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator). This heterodimer binds to the consensus regulatory sequences such as AhREs (Ah responsive elements), XRE s (Xenobiotics responsive elements) or DREs (dioxin responsive elements) to be found in the promoter region of AhR target genes such as CYP1A1, thereby initiating the transcription by RNA-polyII [1]. The transcription of CYP1A1 gene is inhibited by AhRR protein .The AhRR/ARNT heterodimer stops the transcription process initiated by XREs and also inhibits the heterodimer formation of AhR-ARNT [2,1]. Fig.5. Canonical signaling pathway of AhR 5.3. ALTERATION IN CYP1A1 Mainly four types of polymorphism happen in CYP1A1 that enhances the tumour formation in organs by increasing the oxidation process that makes procarcinogen to carcinogen. These four polymorphisms [19] are as follows: M1 (Msp1), T→C substitution at nucleotide 3801 in the 3-non-coding region. M2 (Msp2), A→G substitution at nucleotide 2455 leading to an amino acid change of isoleucine to valine at codon 462. M3, T→C substitution at nucleotide 3205 in the 3-non-coding region. M4, C→A substitution at nucleotide 2453 leading to an amino acid change of threonine to asparagine at codon 461. These mutations do not happen due to smoking; it can lead to enhance the more AHH (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) activity. Each mutation has different function and plays an important role in the tumour formation. For example, CYP1A1 Msp1 (M1) increases the catalytic activity and CYP1A1 Msp2 (M2) is directly related to other functional polymorphism and creates more PAH-DNA adducts in white blood cells [30]. This mutations happen mainly in lung, larynx, pharynx, oral, breast, ovary, liver, colorectal and esophagus. The mechanism of CYP1A1 is same for all organisms and the formation of tumour in these organs depends upon geographical factor, demographic factor and number of cigarettes. Lung cancer In lung cancer generally Msp1 (T→C) mutations occur, but in Brazil Msp2 (A→G) mutation associates with lung cancer [17, 19]. B(a)P and NNK carcinogen mainly involve with liver cancer. Oral cancer, larynx and pharynx Msp2 and Msp1 mutation also associates with oral cancer, larynx and pharynx [15, 16, 18]. And PAH and NNN are associated with these cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene, NNN and NNK are carcinogens that enhance the oral cancer [29]. The studies of various articles show that CYP1A1 Msp1 (M1) mutation maximum associates with increasing the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Breast Cancer CYPIAI (M1) and CYP1A1 (M2) increase the risk of breast cancer [20, 21].PAH forms PAH-DNA adduct in breast tissue that associates with increased breast cancer. Generally PAH is used for the study of tumor formation in breast cancer because of three reasons, first it is a good model for understanding the chemical mechanism of tumour formation by chemicals. Second the geometric resemblance of PAH and endogenous estrogen is same. Third estrogens and PAH have aromatic ring. PAH are activated by two pathways, first by electron oxidation and second by CYP1A1. DNA adducts are formed by metabolically activated PAH binding with the nucleophilic groups of the two purine bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G). Both adducts may be either stable or depurinating (It is the loss of purine (adenine or guanine) from DNA backbone). The stable adducts is formed by covalently bonding to DNA unless removed during repair, where the depurinating adducts are those that are released from DNA by deterioration of the glycosidic bond .Stable DNA adducts are created when PAH binds with the exocyclic amino group of A or G, where depurinating adducts are formed by covalently bonding of PAH at the N-3 or N-7 position of Adenine or the N-7 or, sometimes, the C-8 position of Guanine [26, 27].

No Solutions Offered in There Are No Children Here :: There are No Children Here Essays

No Solutions Offered in There Are No Children Here  Ã‚  Ã‚      Does your home have a lock on your door, a telephone and working appliances and plumbing? Do you dodge bullets in your sleep, have 13 people living in one apartment or wash your dishes in the bathtub because the kitchen sink hasn’t worked for months? Do you wash your clothes in the bathtub because the laundry room is too dangerous to do your washing? Do you live in an environment with no role models, where the gangs control everything and you can’t trust anyone? You may think these are strange questions for people who live in America in the late 20th century, but some people’s answers to these questions may be very different from yours. Those people are the one’s living in the â€Å"other America†. Alex Kotlowitz tells us â€Å"the story of two boys growing up in the other America† in his book There Are No Children Here. The â€Å"other America† Kotlowitz describes in his book is the public housing complex at Henry Horner Homes in Chicago. By following the lives of two boys, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers, we are exposed to the misfortunes, turmoil and death that their lives are filled with. Lafeyette and Pharoah are faced with many hardships in their day to day activities. Their apartment, the once beautiful complex, now has broken appliances, poor plumbing, horrible security and from the basement come smells that one housing manager described as â€Å"foul odors† that â€Å"no equipment presently in use by staff could be used to withstand the odor beyond a minute† (p. 240). The boys wake up every morning in this horrible public housing that would most likely be condemned if it was located in any decent neighborhood. Lafeyette and Pharoah get ready for school, usually putting on clothes which have been washed the night before in the bath tub, and then leave for school. Pharoah, who loves school, is always in a hurry to get there, leaving the apartment before anyone else. School is the one place for Pharoah to stand out and get away from the neighborhood for a while. He even attended a summer school program that was supported by the University of Illinois. Lafeyette, on the other hand, isn’t into school very much; which explains why he has such a large number of tardies. Both boys are always careful as they walk through the streets to school to be alert for gunfire, they don’t want to die young like so many friends of theirs.

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay

I believe Apple Inc. [mostly referred as â€Å"Apple† in this document] has met the ethical and social responsibility towards general public, employees, customers and shareholders/investors. Apple positions itself to be very environment conscious and continuously working to reduce the foot print of the company and its products on the planet (Apple Inc.). Apple has a recycling program for its used products; it sends gift cards to customers in return for the used products, if the products do not have any monetary value they recycle them responsibly. Apple reports the environmental foot-print of each of its product on their website to show how much energy efficient they are and how Apple is choosing more biodegradable elements in its products, packaging and facilities. Apple has multiple offices and datacenters in United States and as of March 2013 seventy five percent of them are fully powered through renewable energy sources (Kastrenakes, 2013). Apple is continuously trying to improve the situation and aiming to rely entirely on renewable energy sources in future. To improve ethical awareness within its employees, Apple has a business code of conduct published and easily available via intranet website within the company and to its investors via shareholder website (Business code, 2012) which explains in detail on various topics including its well known secretive way of releasing its products. Apple also has a Business conduct helpline available for its employees to resolve ethical dilemmas, report conflicts of interest and seek direction in making ethical decision. Recently Tim Cook, Apple CEO has reminded all employees to review Apple’s business conduct policy via corporate email (Marie, 2013) which shows the  importance Apple gives to Ethics within the company. Apple treats its employees very well; pays pretty good salaries to employees and rates to contractors, Apple’s has a very good benefit program for its employees, even the part-time employees are entitled to benefits at apple (Fiegerman, 2012), it provides shuttle servi ce to many locations from many places in Bay area to campus. Apple products are very safe compared to many other competitor products, Apple pays attention to details, e.g.: To avoid tripping over a charging cable, Mac book charger has a magnet instead of a hard stick in plug as we observe in many Windows PCs. All of its products are well thought and provide lot of convenience and consider customer health and safety, as we see in the case of latest ear phones from Apple, they have the speakers going sideways instead of directly in to ears as most of the conventional ear plugs do, this restricts music directly hitting the ear drum and long term exposure may have adverse impact on the ears. Apple products are well sealed and static resistant, the materials used in production are not cheap and low quality parts, which improves the durability of its products. Apple provides lot of variations in products to choose, to a customer which attracts customers at all levels. There are about ten to twelve flavors of latest iPhone based on color, size of memory and external material. Apple has a very good refund policy, items can be returned online or returned in store, there is about 14-30 days to return items, Apple provides full refund instead of charging for re-stocking fee. If there is a part malfunction, apple product can be exchanged for a new one within one year of purchase for nominal or zero price. Apple considers customer’s complaints and response rapidly by multiple means and aims to delight the customers (Denning, 2011). Apple listens to customers at the stores, online and also via telephone and improvises on its services, customer support and also their products. It is very obvious that Apple takes good care of its shareholders; we can clearly observe that from Apple’s revenues and profits from past several quarters, Apple’s share has gone up five times within past five years. Apple provides all of its quarterly, annual reports along with financial statements and exhibits with SEC and complies with SEC policies. Question 2: Publications of ethics and social responsibility violations of its suppliers, mainly at Hon Hoi Precision, also known as FoxConn had impact on Apple’s reputation and mainly no impact on sales and share value. In 2011 there were fourteen suicides at FoxConn and later on there were many riots, suicide protests by workers against the very long working hours, lack of insurance, workplace safety, horrible facility maintenance , incidents of using Child labor, lack of injured workers compensation, army camp style management and others (McGrath, 2012). Apple has handled things very carefully and assigned right people and started remediation methods, published supplier code of conduct, increased audits in its supplier firms, provided training, to improve situation and reputation; Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple talked about Foxconn and how his company is trying to improve the working conditions for employees and workers in its suppliers’ factories and how seriously Apple is taking t he allegations (Knibbs). Apple’s reputation had an impact during the time of events, created a buzz in media world; Apple got a bad name within its investors and stake holders. Later on, Apple was able to manage out of the situation very well. Overall there is no impact to sales or revenue or Apple’s share value. Apple shares might have taken a small hit for few days when there were publications by media, but overall share value was growing in 2010 and 2011 when all of reports were being published. Apple is still considered the most admired company in the whole world as per Fortunes World’s most Admired companies for 2008-2013; six years in row (Shaughnessy, 2013). Apple products are very well received in the market; there are no aversions or hatred towards Apple’s products based on the allegations. We usually see the drop in sales when there are negative allegations on companies, we have seen this in case of Paula Deen based on her racial comments and also with Duck Dynasty and i ts products when Phil Robertson has made anti-gay comments and cause big dent in their reputation, we have not seen this with Apple. When iPhone 5s was released in September of 2013, stores reported people standing in long lines at Apple and its partner stores to get the first piece. Today there are hardcore fans to Apple products than for any other company. Apple products are growing popularity even in China where the allegations of horrible working conditions have been  reported. Based on my personal observation, Apple stores are among the most crowded stores at local malls. Even with heavy competition for Samsung, LG, Nokia (now Microsoft) and Motorola, Apple iPhones are still most commonly used smart phones in United States. Apple’s App store has more than a Billion applications available to end users. By observing the Apple’s growth pattern, it is safe to say that the impact of supplier violations is minor. Question 3: To improve the working conditions and abide to Fair Law Association (FLA) policies Apple has come up with and published â€Å"supplier code of conduct† (â€Å"Apple supplier,† 2012) for all its suppliers to adhere who provide parts to its products. To ensure that its suppliers adhere to wage and benefits standards going forward, Apple has to strictly enforce the â€Å"supplier code of conduct† and also increase the supervision and auditing of the supplier factories, HR and pay roll systems up to allowed by the local and international laws. Many of the rules and regulations which are illegal in US are acceptable in other countries. As Apple’s suppliers are mainly in other countries than US, Apple can set up strict rules and guidelines more close to US laws in addition to local government policies and Fair Law Association (FLA) laws, as most of its products are used by consumers in US. Apple can also open up complaint/suggestion boxes (online, in factory and via phone) from workers in supplier factories to understand and closely monitor the working conditions and get feedback on wages and benefits. Apple can restrict the number of hours a worker can work in its supplier factories. Apple can create guidelines in its code to have onsite help to talk with workers and understand their problems and work with supplier factories to solve them. Apple can guide its suppliers to setup onsite and close to campus medical facilities for workers working in its supplier factories. Apple can work with local media and government to do surveys from general public about their supplier practices at factory facilities. Apple should request the ethics code of conduct as one of the primary pre-requisite from their suppliers as part of the initial RFP – Request for proposal. Apple should get feedback suppliers’ employees to understand how well the code is  followed by its upper management in the company and should enforce supplier to improve it before renewal of contracts. Apple should stop buying parts from suppliers with tainted reputation, or suppliers with weak or no ethical code of conduct. Apple should compare the working conditions and wages of workers in its supplier factories to competitor factories in the area and pass regulations to improve the wages to meet market standards. Question 4: Apple customers would be willing to pay more for its products to provider better wages and benefits to suppliers’ workers. Apple can make this happen by showing the reasons behind increase in prices, and how additional money will be utilized for worker compensation and benefits. Apple should advertize in TV, publish articles on its website and provide information to Media on how the additional money will be utilized. This is much similar to Ms. Lee Rhodes and her Glassybaby in the case study, Glassybaby gives 10% of its revenues for cancer treatment. Another suggestion that I can make is that, some percentage of increase in salaries for workers should also come from Apple’s profits to show consumers that Apple is not only charging more for products but also taking a cut in their profits to provide better working conditions for workers. Apple and its main founder Steve Jobs do not have very good name as Philanthropist, there is no public record that Steve Jobs has donate d any money (Sorkin, 2011). After Tim Cook took over Apple’s CEO position, he has made some donations but compared with other companies with high revenues and profits; the donations made by Apple are very negligible compared to its revenues and profits (Emerson, 2012). Apple can improve its image and reputation in the world by giving some percentage of profits to suppliers’ workers through multiple programs and incentives. Today Apple’s products are most popular in the market; iPhone is the best selling smart phone out there in market. Apple and its products have huge fan base and many of the competitor smart phones from Samsung or Microsoft are not comparable to iPhone. With such a popularity, increasing a minor percentage E.g.: 3-5% of price will not have any impact on product sales. Most of the Apple products are sold with network connection also known as data plan, the minimum data plan is very expensive and costs up to $40 per month for many carriers. Some of Apple’s iPhone customers take data plan because they are intrigued with iPhone and Apple products. When customers  are willing to pay additional money for seldom used data plan as they stay home mostly where there is Wi-Fi connection as an alternative to data plan. Customers should be willing to spend a bit more money to improve working conditions and salaries for suppliers’ workers. Question 5: Apple has excellent market strategy for its products; Everyone remembers those PC and Mac comparison commercials, which used to portray Apple’ Mac computers as cool and trendy for Generations X and Y and for everyone at home where as Microsoft PC was shown as business computer with bugs. In reality, Microsoft operating system is more flexible and customers can customize and make modifications and create applications relatively easy, where as you need to go to App Store for installing/upgrading any iOS applications. Microsoft or Samsung devices allow users to copy MP3 files, and play them without any intermediary software such as iTunes, a mandatory application for Apple to copy songs in to iOS applications. Even with less flexibility Apple’s products are highly sold in market today due to its design and performance of its products and mainly it’s Marketing strategy. Apple does not really advertize new versions of iPhone releases, rather it keeps it secret, there are no beta releases, and there are no pictures or commercials in the market before a new version iPhone is released. It creates buzz in the market which generates mystery about its product. In addition to its own marketing, Apple’s iPhones are also advertized by other companies such as network providers such as AT&T, Verizon and other companies which make protective cases and other accessories for iPhones. Apple maintains such secrecy before releasing its iPhone products; it has worked greatly for them. Another way Apple products are advertized is by word of mouth. Today many of smart phones in the market from Samsung, LG and Microsoft have similar functions as iPhone, but in my view the secrecy/mystery and word of mouth advertizing for iPhone has helped to maintain its leadership in the market. To improve competitive advantage over global market place, Apple should sell its products more in other countries; expand its base out of US. The usage  of smart phones is at verge of getting saturation in United States, consumers in US are tied to data and voice plans from network providers in US. Until latest generations of iPhones, iphones were sold at a later release dates in Europe, India and China than in United States. There is a lot of fan base for Apple in China and India, Apple should en cash that by making products affordable in those countries. Customers in US do not replace their phones until their contract ends with he network provider, which is usually two years from the contract start date. Most of the countries outside of US are not bound to network/data plans for the phones as they use GSM technology; this provides flexibility to consumers to buy more than one phone in two years. Smart phones are getting more popular in India and china where the population is very high. Population of India and China combined is more than six times the population of United States (CIA World Factbook); if Apple can capture a small percentage of the market in those countries it will have more customer base than it does in whole US which bring higher revenues. Apple should start customizing their products and make them consumer friendly in other countries, such as make menus in native languages, create local custom applications etc. As word of mouth advertizing has proven working for Apple, they should start giving some samples of their products to celebrities in India where the common public trend is to follow the celebrities and mimic their product usage. It has worked for other companies and products; it should also work for Apple. Apple should start thinking about making their products more flexible and easy to customize, Apple is very popular among brand, but more savvy users with computer background started to lean more towards Google Android based phones from Samsung and LG as they have more flexibility and customization options. With computer skills and techniques being very common to kids in Generation Y and Z, Apple should think about concentrating on them and their tastes and Apple products more flexible. Apple should innovate more, there have been some improvements and modifications to its products in past 3 years but there has not been a â€Å"WOW†Ã‚  product release. They should enter new markets, start coming up with new products such as long awaited Apple TV or they should get in to wearable gadgets such as wrist watches, glasses, motion controlled devices, devices with flexible screens and devices which look cool but monitor human body’s current health such as temperature, sugar levels, blood pressure etc. Last but not least, Apple should improve its philanthropist image; they should start donating more to needy and charitable foundations. That usually helps in both ways; it improves the reputation and also works as advertisement. References Apple Inc. (n.d.). Apple and the environment. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/environment/ Apple supplier code of conduct. (2012, JANUARY). 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